COMMUNICATION NETWORK ( Chain network, Circular network, Wheel network, Free flow network) / FORMAL AND INFORMAL CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION / Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

 

COMMUNICATION NETWORK:

A network of communication represents the pattern of contacts among the members of organization. There may be in types of communication networks.

1.      Chain network

2.      Circular network

3.      Wheel network

4.      Free flow network

Chain network: The message flows in a direct vertical line along the scalar chain of command. It can flow from top to bottom or from bottom to top in a line. Thus, the flow of communication takes place through the formal channel, say from superior to subordinate and vice-versa. There is no horizontal communication.

Circular network: The message moves in a circle. Each person can communicate with his two neighbor hood colleagues. A disadvantage of circular network is that communication is very slow.

Wheel network: In this the subordinates can communicate with and through the manager. All the communication passes through the manager who acts as the central authority like the hub of a wheel. All the workers receive instructions and guidance from the boss only.

Free flow or all channel networks: In this, there is no restriction on the flow of communication. Everyone is free to communicate with anyone and everyone in the organization. This network is informal and unstructured and so it allows free flow of communication. It is highly flexible also,

 

FORMAL AND INFORMAL CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION:

Formal Communication:

The paths of communication which are officially determined by the management are called formal channel of communication.

 

It adopts 3 dimensions:

1.      Downward

2.      Upward

3.      Horizontal 

 

Characteristics:

1.      Information flows smoothly, accurately & timely to the points to which it is required.

2.      It is based on formal organizational relationships.

3.      The channel of communication is prescribed.

4.      It is rigid as deviations are not allowed.

5.      The speed of message travel is slow because of formalization.

6.      Chances of message distortion are low.

7.      It is treated as authentic.

It can be of following types:

a.      Single chain

b.      Wheel

c.       Circular

d.      Free flow

e.      Inverted V

 

Informal communication (grapevine):

It arises from social interactions of people.

When the employees are unable to communicate the required informal to higher authority because of communication barriers, they may resort to informal channels of communication.

Distortion may appear in the transmission of message through grapevine in the form of rumors & gossips.

 

Characteristics:

1.      It emerges out of social interactions among the people.

2.      Channel of communication is based on individual relationships.

3.      It is quite flexible because of nothing is prescribed.

4.      Message travels faster.

5.      Messages are often distorted.

6.      It is not authentic even if the message is correct.

7.      Grapevine is natural and normal activity.

It can be of 4 types:

a.     







Single strand - 

b.     



Gossip chain: In this, one person spreads the information to so many people. Actively communicates with so many people.

 

c.      
Probability: It is a random process in which A transmits the information to others non-selectively; in accordance with the laws of probability & then the other tell still others in a similar manner.

 

 

d.     
















Cluster chain: A person selectively tells the persons in whom he has trust & confidence. Others also relay the information selectively.

 

 

 

VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

Verbal communication:

It refers to the exchange of message through the use of spoken or written symbols or both.

1.      Oral communication: Communication with the help of spoken words, It may be take place.

a.      By face to face conversation

b.      Through mechanical devices

Face to face conversion: It is the most natural way of transmitting message. It carries message better than any other media. It avoids misunderstanding because having a face to face conversation one can convey the message both by words & expression & gestures.

Mechanical devices: It includes signals, telephones, intercom systems, dictating machines etc.

Advantages:

1.     Oral communication is used for the suggestions & grievances of the workers.

2.     It serves time as provides an immediate responds & feedback.

3.     It fosters a friendly & cooperative spirit.

4.     It permits personalized contacts & develops a sense of belongingness.

 

Drawback:

1.      It may be time consuming.

2.      It may not be specific and can be understood.

3.      It may also create legal difficulties, if no written record of conversation is preserved.

 

2.     Written communication: Comprehensive devices use for written communication in the forms of circular, bulletins, manuals, handbooks, notes, orders, instructions etc.

The objectives of written communication may be:

1.      To give information   

2.      To receive information

3.      To record recommendations & decisions of a meeting

4.      To give orders & instructions

Advantages:

Ø  It can be conveyed to the worker through magazines, notice board employee handbooks, memorandum etc. Message can be conveyed upward through writing suggestions, grievances or through suggestion board system.

Ø  It serves as permanent reference for future.

Ø  It is formal & carries more weight age.

Ø  It is more clear and specific as they are carefully drafted.

Ø  It serves as a reliable record for future reference & can be used as evidence in legal proceedings.

Ø  Response to written communication as well as the receiver gets times to evaluate and understand the message.

Ø  In many cases, it is more effective than the oral communication.

Disadvantages:

Ø  It is slow as compared to oral communication.

Ø  It may become source of dispute as once is written message is sent, it is very difficult to withdraw it.

Ø  Proper care should be taken by management so that they can save loss of effectiveness of written communication.

Non-verbal or gestural communication:

Communication through gestures or postures or body language is often used as a mean to supplement a verbal communication. It is very much helpful to motivate the subordinate

Communication Process / Process of Communication

 

Communication Process / Process of Communication

In this model there are 8 elements. Each element is engaged in sending (encoding) and receiving (decoding) message simultaneously & each person is constantly sharing the encoding and decoding processes & each person is affecting the other. Thus there is continuous process of feedback in the communication process.

Elements of communication process:

Sender: Sender of the message is the person who contacts other person with the objective of passing the message. He may be the superior, a subordinate, a peer or any person.

A message flowing from superior to a subordinate is downward communication. A message flowing from a subordinate to superior is upward communication. A message flowing from a person to another person working at the same hierarchical level is known as horizontal communication.

Message: It is the subject matter of communication which is intended to be passed to the receiver from the sender. It may be in the form of ideas, opinions, feelings, views, orders, suggestions etc.

Encoding: The process of converting the message into meaningful symbols is called encoding. Since the ideas, opinions, feelings, views, orders, suggestions etc. are the subject matter of communication are abstract and intangible, their transmission require the use of certain symbols such as words, pictures, gestures & other body language.

Channel: Message converted into symbol are transmitted by the sender through a channel like written words in the form of letter an electronic mail, spoken words through personal contact or telephone etc. Gestures are used with spoken words.

Receiver: Receiver is the person to whom message is sent. He may be a superior, a subordinate, a peer or any other person in the organization.

Decoding: In this, the receiver converts the communication symbols transmitted by the sender into message. It should be meaningful so that the receiver understands the message in the sense which is intended by the sender.

Message: It should be meaningful and receiver should understand the message in the sense which is intended by the sender.

Feedback: It is required to ensure the receiver has received the message & understood it in the same sense as the receiver intended. It helps in understanding whether the system is working properly. If it is not working properly, corrective actions are taken.

Introduction to Business Communication , Characteristics Of Effective Organisational Communication and Purpose of Communication

 

COMMUNICATION

The word ‘communication’ is derived from the Latin word ‘communis’ means ‘common’ .

According to Hudson: “Communication is conveying of information from one person to another “.

According to Allen:  “Communication is the sum of all the things one person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of another. It is a bridge of meaning. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening & understanding”. 

Communication may be defined as:

Interchange of thoughts or information to bring about mutual understanding and confidence.

Communication is attempted to share understanding by two or more persons. It is a two-way process & is complete when there is some response from the receiver.

The two basic objectives are:

1.      To transmit messages, ideas or opinions.

2.      To create an impression or understanding in the mind of the receiver of information.

 

What is Communication?

Communication is such a vital part of each of us that it contributes heavily to the success or failure of every human activity. People can’t live alone. This universal truth signifies that people must have the companion.

One of the main reasons for having a companion is that people want to express themselves and whenever we express something to someone, it is called communication.

What is Business Communication?

Business communication may be defined as, the passing of information message or news within or outside the company for the financial benefit of the organization.

To elaborate, communication is the process through which an idea, opinion, or information is transferred to others.

It is a passive process of exchanging idea, meaning, message, feeling, emotion, or understanding from one mindset to another mindset, this may include the use of various aids for exchange process.

 

The Characteristics Of Effective Organisational Communication

Clear

The primary character of any spoken or written form of transmission of information should be to state the message clearly. There are several ways to do it. For example, the sentences should be short and simple. If we have to convey several messages then it is convenient to state it in separate bulleted points.

Concise

Time is an essential parameter in communications. The normal attention span is just a few minutes long. If you present your message in a clear and beautiful manner which is very long, the crux of the report or the message may be lost altogether. Long and lengthy communique is boring and avoided by most. So to summarize this point, effective communication has to be concise.

Concrete

Whatever message or information or data is present in your communique, it should be well-footed. Your arguments should have data that suitably backs it up. A tangible argument is always easy to understand.

Coherent

The key to a coherent write-up is a well-planned, logical and sequential presentation of the information. The main ideas should be differentiable and they should follow each other in a way that is derivative of some rules.

Courteous

We know that all business communications should have some degree of formal flavor. The presenter should try his best to be honest, respectful, considerate, open and polite with the receiver of the information. The message when supplemented with proper care and kindness will definitely find an audience.

A rude presenter will have no audience even if the message he delivers is perfectly effective and important. Offensive words can put off certain factions of people. You should take ample care to not be racist or misogynist or any other bad influence on the audience. Even while using humor you should be very careful that you are not being inconsiderate or cruel to anyone.

Listening For Understanding

Communication doesn’t only mean presenting or generating information. It also means to receive it.

The good listener observes not only what a person speaks of but also the non-verbal cues. This is what helps in the complete and full understanding of the transmission.

A good listener will have some qualities. He would be emotionally intelligent and mature, objective in approach and practical. His understanding of the message should not be influenced by his own personal judgments of either the topic or the presenter. A good listener should be able to filter through all of these limitations and reach the actual message that the presenter is relaying before them.

Focus And Attention

However, while receiving or transmitting information, a certain level of focus is essential. Suppose you are in a star communication channel and are relaying information to multiple sources. You are replying to emails, sending emails, and answering phones.

Any misplaced communication could be disastrous. Also, while receiving information, if you lose focus, you may miss the important parts of the message altogether. Hence we say that focus and attention are very crucial for effective communication.

Emotional Awareness And Control

This is the last but certainly the most important aspect of effective communication. Emotions will guide you through any situation of life. Whether you accept a message with the intention it is relaying with or not, depends on the emotional maturity and your emotional intelligence. Both while relaying information or while receiving it, you have to take extreme care in keeping yourself in an emotionally stable state.

 

 

Purpose of Communication

It is hard to name a human activity in which communication does not play a significant role, and this holds true for an organization in which people assemble to achieve their common objectives through their coordinated efforts.

A lot of communication among organizational members is required to achieve the corporate goals. Therefore, understanding of communication and how it can be made efficient is important for managers.

There is a different kind of organizations or business entities, for example, organizations having a business only within the country and companies which are multinationals. However, the process, method, types, the principle remains almost same with those of general communication. The primary difference lies in their area of application.

University of Lucknow National Education Policy-2020 Course Structure & Syllabus B.B.A. (To be effective from the session 2021-2022)

 University of Lucknow

 National Education Policy-2020 

Course Structure & Syllabus B.B.A. 

(To be effective from the session 2021-2022)

PROGRAMME OBJECTIVE

 

The aim of the course is to build knowledge and understanding business among the student. The course seeks to give detailed knowledge about the subject matter by instilling them basic ideas about business operations and decision Making. The course aims at making a conceptual orientation and equip the students with the business skills as well as prepare them for management applications. this course provide an understanding of the tasks and functions of management and to acquaint the Participants with the developments in concept, Theories and practices in the overall field of management.

 

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

 

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

 

● Ensure and understand professional augmentation taking place in the global as well as domestic business arena.

 

● To reduce the gap between industry and academia, with the right blend of theory and practice.

 

● To nurture their talent for becoming good leaders and assets for an organization.

 

● To gain an in-depth knowledge and analytical skills which will enable them to effectively and efficiently carry out various Trade and Marketing operations of an organization in the emerging globalized environment.

 

● Develop Critical attitude necessary for “life-long learning” through this course

SEMESTER I 

P1: PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT 

Total Session: 40 

Course Outcome: The objective for this course to provide an understanding of the task and functions of management and to acquaint the participants with the developments in concept. Theories and practices in the overall field of management. 

UNIT I 

Nature and significance of Management, Approaches of management, Contributions of Taylor, Fayol and Barnard, Functions of a Manager, Social responsibility of Managers, Values in management. 

UNIT II 

The Nature of significance of Planning, Objectives, Steps of Planning, Decision making as key step in planning. The Process and Techniques of Decision Making. Organisation: Nature and significance, Approaches, Departmentation, Line and staff relationships, Delegation and Decentralisation, Committee system, Department of effective organizing 

UNIT III

Staffing, nature and Significance, Selection, Appraisal and Development of Managers. Directing: Issues in managing human factors, Motivation, nature and Significance’s, Theories and Techniques. 

UNIT IV 

Communication Definition and Significance, Process, Barriers of Communication, Building effective communication system. Controlling: Definition and Elements Control Techniques, Coordination, Determinants of an Effective Control system, Managerial Effectiveness. 

References: 

1. Koontz H., Weihrich H. (2009); Principles of Management; Tata Mc Graw Hill; 8th Edition. 2. Williams C (2009) Principles of Management; South-Western/Cengage Learning; 5th Edition. 3. Prasad L.M, principles and Practice of Management, Sultan Chand & Sons, 20th Edition. 4. Jaiswal B. & Maheshwari R.K. (2010), Essentials of Management: NRBC. 5. Weihrich Heinz and Koontz Harold (2013); Management: A Global, Innovative, and Entrepreneurial Perspective; Mc Graw Hill; 14th Edition. 6. Andrew Leigh (2012); The Essentials of Management: Everything you need to succeed as a new manager; Pearson UK; 2nd Edition. 

P2: BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

 Total Session: 4

Course outcomes0 : The objective of this course is to develop an understanding on several important aspects of an organization, not just from an economic point of view but also considering organizations as part of society. It also includes analysis of the source of wealth creation, with a brief description of the environment and the key internal factors of an organization. The course introduces the students with the most important concepts of the dynamic framework of an organization. 

UNIT I 

Meaning and definition of business essentials & scope of business, Classification of Business Activities, Meaning, Definition, Characteristics and objectives of Business Organization, Evolution of Business Organization. Modern Business, Business & Profession UNIT II Business Unit, Establishing a new business unit. Meaning of Promotion. Features for business, Plant location, Plant Layout & size of business unit 

UNIT III 

Organization process – Importance, principles, Various aspects of organization, organization structure, Departmentation, Line and Staff Relationships, Span of control, Delegation of authority, Decentralization 

UNIT IV 

Business Combination Meaning Causes, Objectives, Types and Forms Mergers, Takeovers and Acquisitions. Business Finance: Financial need of Business methods & sources of finance. Security Market, Money Market, Study of Stock Exchange & SEBI. 

References: 

1. Stoner, Freeman and Gilbert Jr (2003); Management, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2. Gupta, C.B. (2003); Management Concepts and Practices, Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi, 3. Robbins, S. (2017). Management, Pearson Education, New Delhi; (13th ed.). 4. Wren, D. A., & Bedeian, A. G. 2009. The evolution of management thought. (6th ed.), New York: Wiley

P1': Financial & Management Accounting – I 

Total Sessions: 40 

Course outcomes: The aim of the course is to build knowledge and understanding of Financial and Management accounting among the student. The basic objective of this course is to enable the students to learn, explain and integrate the fundamental concepts, principles and techniques of accounting. Along with successfully applying the techniques and methods practically in order to analyze business performance, planning , decisions making and controlling the outcomes 

UNIT 1 

Introduction to Accounting -Basic Concepts, Purpose, Importance, Scope and Limitations of Accounting Users of Accounting, Information, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and Accounting Standards (AS),Introduction to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) –need and significance. Ethical Issues in Accounting 

UNIT II 

Recording and Classification of transactions, Preparation of trial balance, capital and revenue expenditure Preparing final accounts for business Adjustment Entries : Inventory , Depreciation , Provision for Bad Debts ,Accrued ,prepaid ,outstanding and unearned income and expenditure 

UNIT III 

Introduction to Cost accounting: Meaning, Objectives and differences with financial accounting, Classification of cost, Preparation of cost sheet , Difference between Marginal and absorption costing, Cost volume profit analysis 

UNIT IV 

Methods of costing: Job costing, Process Costing, Activity based costing .Reconciliation of Costing and Financial records 

References 

1. Khan, M. Y., & Jain, P. K. (2006). Management Accounting, McGraw-Hill Education, 4th Edition. 2. Jaiswal B & Venkatraman B. (2018) Financial Market Operations, Sahitya Bhawan. 3. Larson, Kermit D., & Miller, Paul B. W. (1994) Financial Accounting, McGraw-Hill Education 4. Narayanaswamy, R. (2014). Financial Accounting: A Managerial Perspective, Prentice Hall India, 6th Edition. 5. Maheshwari, S.N., Maheshwari, S.K. & Maheshwari, S.K. (2018), Financial Accounting, Vikas Publishing, 6th Edition 6. Arora M.N. (2012) A textbook of Cost and Management Accounting , Vikas Publication , 10th edition 

P2’: BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

 Total Session: 40 

Course Outcome: This course aims to develop communication skills in equip students with a broad based knowledge business communication. 

UNIT I 

Introduction to business communication, characteristics of effective organizational communication, basic forms of communication, process of communication, Barriers to Communication, Principles of effective business communication. 

UNIT II 

Oral communication: Purpose, Advantages & Disadvantage, Principles of Oral Communication, Effective Listening, Non-verbal Communication. Written communication: Purpose, Advantages & Disadvantage, Principles of Written Communication, Effective writing techniques. Employment Communication: Application letter and Resume writing, 

UNIT III 

Conduct of meeting – agenda, notice, notes, minutes, office memorandum, office orders, press release, Business Letter Writing– Need, Functions and kinds, layout and types. Report Writing – problems, organization and techniques. (Practical’s/Projects) 

UNIT IV 

Corporate Communication: Scope, Components, Corporate communication and Public relations, Role of Social Media in Communication. Role of Technology in Communication (ICT’s), Business Etiquettes. 

References: 

1. Pal R. (2012) Business Communication, Sultan Chand & Sons Publication. 2. Bisen V. & Priya (2019), Business Communication, New Age International. 3. M.K. Sehgal & V. Khetrapal - Business Communication (Excel Books). 4. Chaturvedi P.D. (2006) Busines Communication, Pearson Education. 5. Lesikar RV & Pettit Jr. JD (2018), Basic Business Communication: Theory & Application, Tata Mc Grow Hill. 6. Tayler Shinley (2016), Communication for Business, Pearson Education.

P1: Computer & IT Applications - I 

Total Sessions: 40 

Course outcomes: The course aims to familiarize the students with computers & its applications in the field of business. 

UNIT I 

Basics of computers and their evolution- Characteristics of Computer, Application of Computer in business, Various fields of Computer, Classification of Computer, Generation of Computer, Types of Software, Compiler & Interpreter, Generation of Language, Data representation - Different Number Systems, Inter Conversion between Number Systems, Binary Arithmetic. 

UNIT II 

Standard and non-standard Input devices: Keyboard, Point & draw devices, Data Scanning Devices, Digitizer, etc., and output devices: Output Devices: Monitors, Printers, Plotters, Voice Response System, etc., Main Memory / Primary Memory: RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM: Cache Memory, Secondary Memory/Storage , Concept of Magnetic Tape, Magnetic Disk, Optical Disk, MO Disk, etc. Business Data Processing: File Management System, Database Management System 

UNIT III 

Operating System Concept: Introduction to Operating System, Functions of Operating System, Types of Operating System. Introduction to GUI-Windows Operating System. Concept of Data Communication & Networking: Network Concepts, Types of Network, Different Topologies Communication Media, Introduction to Internet 

UNIT IV 

Text Processing: Introduction to Text Processing software, Creating, Saving, Printing and modification in document, Spreadsheet Software: Introduction to spreadsheet, creation and their application, formulas, function, Addressing, Graphics on spreadsheet, modes of data processing, & Report generation, Presentation Software: Creating a presentation. Introduction to MS-Access 

References: 

1. Sinha P. K., Sinha P. (2018), Computer Fundamentals, BPB Publication 2. Rajaraman V. (2012) Computer Fundamentals, PHI 3. Norton P. (2008), Introduction to computers, 9th reprint Edi., Tata Mcgraw Hill.

CC1: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AND GROOMING 

Total Session: 40 

Course outcomes: The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with the conceptual background, theories and techniques of Personality and teaches the basic techniques of how an organization manages and develops its people. 

UNIT I 

Introduction to Personality: Meaning, Significance, Functions and Objectives. Theories of Personality. Types of Personality. Personality Disorders- types, causes, symptoms and their treatment. 

UNIT II 

Communication Skills and Personality Development. Team Building. Leadership Skills. Body Language and interpersonal communication. Strategies to enhance communication. 

UNIT III 

Personality Development- Building self-esteem,

self-confidence. Time Management and Efficient Planning. Stress Management – Meaning, types, coping measures. Self-Acceptance, Self-Growth. Conflict Management. Steps in grooming student personality. 

UNIT IV 

Business Etiquettes and table manners. Public Speaking. Interviews and Group Discussions. Telephone Conversations. Business Meetings. Morality and Ethics. 

References: 

1. Sharma P. & Agarwal J. (2020), Dynamics of Behaviour, Books River Publication. 2. Sharma, P. (2019). Soft Skills: Personality Development for Life Success. BPB publications. 3. Vaughn, G. R., & Roth, C. B. (1947). Effective personality building. McGraw-Hill Book Company.

Objectives or Purpose of management

 

Objectives or Purpose of management

 

*Organizational objectives

-Reasonable profit so as to give a fair return on the capital invested in business.

-Survival of business.

-Growth and expansion of business.

-Improving the goodwill or reputation of business.

 

*Personnel /individual objectives

-Fair remuneration for work performance

-Reasonable working conditions

-Training and development of employees

-Participation in management and its growth.

-Security of services

-Fair wages

 

*Social objectives

-Quality of goods and services of fair prices to consumers

-honest and prompt payment of taxes to government

-Conservation of environment and natural resources

-Fair dealings with suppliers, dealers, stakeholders, shareholders and competitors.

-Preservation of ethical values of the society.

 

Features of management

 

Features of management

Ø  Management is goal oriented

Ø  Management is a group activity

Ø  Management is a continuous process

Ø  Management is a dynamic function

Ø  Management is an integrated force

Ø  Management is intangible

Ø  Management is universal